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Le Fiordland, la beauté des montagnes - Alexandre SCHOHN
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Le Fiordland est un des lieux les plus magiques de Nouvelle-Zélande. Il est connu pour sa géologie grandiose entre fiords et montagnes. Dans cet article, nous allons expliquer la formation des montagnes qui entourent ces fjords. Sa géologie est très différente de ce qu’on peut observer dans le reste de l’île du Sud. Il est connu pour ces nombreux lacs comme le lac Marian. En effet, comme précisé dans un précédent article la formation des Alpes du Sud est issue de la collision entre la plaque australo-indienne et la plaque pacifique.
Ici c’est une subduction qui a entraîné la formation des montagnes du Fiordland.
Coucher de soleil sur le Fiordland
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici !
La formation des montagnes du Fiordland
Avant 20 millions d’années
Il y a 400 millions d’années (Dévonien), la Nouvelle-Zélande se situait dans les fonds marins. Elle a accumulé durant des millions d’années les sédiments qui se sont déposés les uns à la suite des autres
Par la suite, vers les 300-200 millions d’années (Permien – Triasique), la collision entre la plaque australo-indienne et pacifique va entraîner la formation de premières montagnes dans l’île du Sud.
Collision entre la plaque Australienne (à gauche) et la plaque Pacifique (à droite). La collision a entraîné la formation des Alpes du Sud
Vers 30 millions d’années (Paléogène), les montagnes sont de retour dans l’océan suite à une descente de la croûte terrestre.
Après 20 millions d’années
C’est il y a 20 million d’années que la géologie diverge pour le Fiordland par rapport au reste de la Nouvelle-Zélande. La plaque australo-indienne va rentrer en subduction sous la plaque pacifique
Subduction dans le Fiordland. La plaque australo-indienne passe sous la plaque pacifique. Oxford Academic – Oxford University Press
Cela veut dire que nous avons une plaque qui passe sous une autre plaque lors de leur rapprochement. C’est le même mécanisme que ce que l’on peut trouver dans l’île du Nord, vers laquelle je vous renvoie pour plus d’information concernant la subduction . Cependant si dans le Nord c’est la plaque pacifique qui subducte (passe en dessous) de la plaque australo-indienne, dans le Fiordland nous avons l’inverse ! La plaque australo-indienne subducte sous la plaque pacifique dans la zone appelée Puysegu Trench.
Puysegu Trench, fosse où a lieu la subduction de la plaque australo-indienne sous la plaque pacifique. volcano.oregonstate.edu
Lors de cette subduction de nombreuses roches se trouvant en profondeur vont remonter à la surface. Ces roches caractéristiques de la croûte terrestre vont apparaître dans les montagnes du Fiordland.
Les roches du Fiordland
Les roches plutoniques
Il est possible d’observer de nombreuses roches volcaniques (basalte, diorite, granite, etc.). Ces roches volcaniques proviennent d’un ancien continent appelé Zealandia .
Continent Zealandia au fond de l’océan. Ce qu’on voit en vert jaune et rouge, c’est la Nouvelle-Zélande
Ces roches sont appelées des roches plutoniques. Elles proviennent directement des profondeurs de la Terre. Les roches plutoniques se forment par refroidissement lent d’un magma en profondeur. Plus le refroidissement est long, plus la formation de gros cristaux (au minimum, visibles à l’œil nu) sera important.
Massif de diorite du Fiorland au tunnel Homer
Les roches métamorphiques
Il est aussi possible d’observer d’autres roches, les roches métamorphiques. Une roche métamorphique est une roche dont la formation a pour origine la transformation d’une roche sédimentaire, magmatique ou encore d’une autre roche métamorphique. Ce sont les modifications de la pression et de la température qui entraînent l’apparition de ces roches. Dans les montagnes du Fiordland, la roche métamorphique présente est le gneiss.
Gneiss provenant de Fiordland. By Departement of Conservation
Tout comme les roches magmatiques plutoniques, ces roches se retrouvent dans les montagnes des Fiordlands suite à leur extraction des profondeurs de la Terre.
La Greenstone
La greenstone, traduit en français par « jade » et en maori par « pounamu », est une gemme. Elle est un cristal formé par une pression et une température données au sien de la Terre. Dans la culture maorie elle est entourée par de nombreuses traditions et est beaucoup utilisée en joaillerie, en objet de cérémonie, etc…
Jade de Nouvelle-Zélande. By culture et tradition du monde
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici !
Chemin dans les massifs du Fiordland
Source
Joceyn Thrnton, « The field guide to New Zealand Geology, An introduction to rocks, minerals and fossils»; Pinguin Books
Hamish Campbell & Gerard Hutching; « In search of ancient New-Zealand »; Pinguins books
Geoffrey E. Batt and Jean Braun, «The tectonic evolution of the Southern Alps, New Zealand: insights from fully thermally coupled dynamical modelling», Geophysical Journal International, 1998
J.Davey and Euan G. C. Smith, «The tectonic setting of the Fiordland region, south-west New Zealand», Geophysical Journal International, 1982
Peter Blattner (1978) Geology of the crystalline basement between Milford Sound and the Hollyford Valley, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 21:1, 33-47, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1978.10420720
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