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Milford Sound, le fjord le plus connu du Sud - Alexandre SCHOHN
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Le Milford Sound est un des lieux les plus visités de la Nouvelle-Zélande avec plus de 500 000 touristes par an. Situé dans la partie Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande, dans le Fiordland, il est le fjord le plus connu du pays. De nombreux touristes viennent pour y pratiquer le canoë, la randonnée, la plongée ou juste faire un tour de bateau. Entre montagne et océan, ce lieu est d’une beauté magnifique qu’importe la saison ou le temps.
Histoire
Le premier européen à mettre le pied dans le Milford Sound est James Cook le 11 novembre 1770. Navigateur connu en Océanie pour la découverte de l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Hawaï, son nom fut donné à de nombreux lieux, places et montagnes dans cette partie du globe.
Capitaine James Cook, explorateur et navigateur
C’est au 18ème siècle, que le nom de « Milford Sound » fut attribué à ce lieu par des chasseurs de phoques, en l’honneur d’un port naturel du pays de Galles, le Milford Haven.
La formation du Milford Sound
Le Milford Sound faisant parti du Fiordland, la formation des montages est identique. Si vous voulez connaître leur formation, je vous renvoie à l’article du Fiordland . Cependant le Milford Sound, comme une grande partie du Fiordland, est composé de fjords. Le fjord est un mot norvégien qui définit une ancienne vallée glacière ayant été engloutie par les eaux. Et c’est cette formation que nous allons expliquer.
La glaciation
Lors de la période glaciaire ( entre 75 000 et 15 000 ans), un glacier va se former au sein des montagnes via le tassement de différentes couches de neiges. Dû à son poids et à la gravité, le glacier va se déplacer très lentement (quelques millimètres à centimètres par an) du haut de la montagne vers la mer. Lors de son déplacement, le glacier va éroder les surfaces rocheuses de la montagne en contact direct avec lui.
Érosion du au contact du glacier avec la roche.
Durant de nombreuses années, le glacier va continuer à creuser la montagne. En effet, lors des périodes glaciaires, le glacier continue à se créer en amont (sommet) de la montagne. Ce qui permet de continuer le déplacement du glacier vers le bas de la montagne et donc l’érosion des roches. Cela entraîne une boucle entre formation, déplacement et érosion. Au fils des années, cette érosion va former une vallée, la vallée glacière.
Cycle du glacier: au sommet formation du glacier puis déplacement vers le pied en érodant les roches environnantes.
Érosion glaciaire et vallée glaciaire
La vallée glaciaire est une vallée formée en forme de U ou de V, par l’érosion d’un glacier lors de son déplacement vers la mer. Au fils des années, le glacier va creuser la roche pour en donner une vallée.
Formation d’une vallée glaciaire par l’érosion du glacier.
Lorsque le climat se réchauffe, le glacier va se retirer petit à petit, laissant apparaître la vallée qu’il a créée en-dessous.
Dans cette vallée créée en forme de U ou V, on y trouve de nombreuses traces des glaciers, que cela soit des pentes escarpées, des falaises ou des sédiments le long des pentes appelés moraines
Vallée glacière issue de l’érosion du glacier et de son recul.
La pente abrupte et les stries verticaux des reliefs ont pour origine l’érosion glaciaire lors de la formation de la vallée.
Inondation de la vallée
Lors de sa formation, le fond de la vallée se se situe au niveau de la mer. Durant la période de réchauffement climatique, le niveau de la mer va augmenter et dépasser le niveau du fond de la vallée. La vallée va donc se retrouver inondée par l’océan et former un fjord. Le fond de la vallée étant plus bas que le niveau de la mer, lors d’une marée basse, il y aura toujours de l’eau dans le fjord.
Formation d’un fjord durant les derniers millions d’années. By: http://uncoqchezleskiwis.com/excursion-milford-sound-fiordland/
Vallée glaciaire inondée. On peut voir l’érosion glaciaire sur la pente de droite et le glacier au centre.
Les roches du Milford Sound
Le Milfod Sound, faisant parti du Fiordland, ont a la même composition pétrographique. Les roches plutoniques (hornblende-diorites de plus de 150 millions d’années) et des roches métamorphiques (amphibolites) issu du début de la formation de la faille Alpine et de la formation des Alpes du Sud, il y a 20 millions d’années.
Gneiss provenant des Fiordland. By Departement of Conservation (DOC)
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici !
Sources
http://www.wakatrip.com/nouvelle-zelande/geologie-fjords/
http://www.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/paysagesglaciaires.net/site_source/Pages_2/9_Vallees.html
http://www.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/paysagesglaciaires.net/site_source/Pages_2/4_Modes_erosion.html
Peter Blattner (1978) “Geology of the crystalline basement between Milford Sound and the Hollyford Valley” , New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 21:1, 33-47, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1978.10420720
Joceyn Thrnton, « The field guide to New Zealand Geology, An introduction to rocks, minerals and fossils»; Pinguin Books
Hamish Campbell & Gerard Hutching; « In search of ancient New-Zealand »; Pinguins books
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Bonjour je pense qu’il y a une erreur en rapport avec la date à laquelle James Cook est arrivé à Milford Sound (11 novembre 1970?????) vu qu’il est DCD à Hawaï en 1779. Bien cordialement
Oui c’est exacte, merci pour la remarque, nous avons corrigé l’erreur!
Cordialement