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Pancake Rocks - Alexandre SCHOHN

Les Pancake Rocks se situe sur de la côte Ouest de l’île du Sud.Lorsque l’on voyage sur la West Coast, on est encadré à notre droite par la mer et à notre gauche par les montagnes. sur le chemin, de nombreux lieux magnifiques sont à visiter tels que le glacier Fox, le lac Matheson, etc…  La roche que l’on observe majoritairement est le calcaire. Cette roche a été formée il y a plus 25 millions d’années (Oligocène) lors de son dépôt dans l’océan. Le calcaire est formé par le dépôt dans les fonds marins de coquillages et de squelettes d’animaux marins. Sa composition minérale est majoritairement du calcite et de l’aragonite.

Calcaire
Dépôt de coquillages et squelettes dans les fonds marins. On peut observer différentes strates suite au dépôt durant des milliers d’années.

 

Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici!

Les Pancake Rocks

Les Pancake Rocks sont une destination populaire. Situé à l’Ouest des Alpes de la Nouvelle-Zélande (pas celles d’Europe), la formation est dû au dépôt de sédiments calcaire lors de l’Oligocène puis à élévation avant de finir par une érosion.

Pancake Rocks
Les Pancake Rocks

Ce terme est utilisé car on a l’impression d’avoir un empilement de roches les une sur les autres lorsque l’on observe les Pancake Rocks. Mais ceci n’est qu’une impression! En effet la roche est composée de différents dépôts les un sur les autres au fils des années depuis plus de 25 millions d’années sous l’océan ayant permis de former la roche.

 
La formation des Pancake Rocks

Il y a 5 millions d’années, la collision tectonique de la plaque Australienne et Pacifique a entraîné la formation des îles de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

tectonique NZ
Collision entre la plaque australienne et pacifique. L’île du Nord est issu de la subduction de la plaque Pacifique sous la plaque Australienne. L’île du Sud est issu de la collision entre les deux plaques.

Il est important de noter que la formation de l’île du Sud est très différente de celle de l’île du Nord. En effet, si dans l’île du Nord nous avions une subduction entraînant la formation de volcans et de l’île. L’île Sud est dû à la collision entre les mêmes plaques qui a entraîné une poussée vers le haut, faisant immerger les terres comme présenté sur le schéma ci-dessous.

Collision entre la plaque Australienne (à gauche) et la plaque Pacifique (à droite). La collision a entraîné la formation des Alpes du Sud

Si on utilise le nom des Alpes du Sud, c’est parce que sa formation est identique à celle de nos Alpes en Europe.

Il y a 125 000 ans, lors de la derrière période glacière, les Pancake Rocks étaient une plage. Depuis la terre n’a pas arrêté de remonter.

Lors de cette remonté, la roche va se faire éroder. Ce qui est spécifique aux pancake, c’est que du à une stratification horizontale fine, lors de l’érosion, seulement certaines strates vont être érodées. On appelle cela l’érosion différentielle.

érosion différentielle
Voici un exemple d’érosion différentielle. Les différentes strates sont plus ou moins résistantes.

L’érosion différentielle peut être définie comme l’érosion de parties plus tendres/fragiles comparé à des parties beaucoup plus résistantes. Ceci va permettre de créer des figures d’érosion qui peuvent être sur quelques centimètres à plusieurs kilomètres.

C’est plusieurs milliers de figures d’érosions horizontales qui donnent cette forme de pancakes.

Les geysers maritimes

L’attraction des Pancake Rocks est, lors de la marée haute, les geysers. Ces geysers maritimes sont des orifices au sol, en bordure de mer, où de l’eau est projetée en hauteur. Cette eau est projetée par suite des mouvements de flux et de reflux de la mer dans une galerie souterraine dont la forme permet la compression de l’air.

Geyser
Suite à la marée haute, la pression de l’eau dans les caves souterraines va permettre la remonté de cette eau en geyser

Lorsque la mer pénètre dans le chenal souterrain, elle comprime l’air dans l’extrémité de la caverne. Lorsque la mer se retire, l’air comprimé repousse l’eau avec violence. S’il existe un orifice communicant avec le sol, une partie de l’eau repoussée peut être recrachée au niveau de l’orifice.

Pancake Rocks
Les Pancake Rocks avec un geyser formant un arc-en-ciel
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici!

Source

« The field guide to New Zealand Geology, An introduction to rocks, minerals and fossils »; Jocelyn Thrnton, Pinguin Books

« In search of ancient New-Zealand »; Hamish Campbell & Gerard Hutching; Pinguins books

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