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Northland, la géologie - Alexandre SCHOHN
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La région de Northland (en māori : Te Tai-tokerau ou Te Hiku-o-te-Ika, « la queue du poisson ») est la plus septentrionale des régions de Nouvelle-Zélande. Situé au Nord d‘Auckland, en prenant la route 1, c’est une région qui apporte son lot de surprises si on y reste un peu.
Geology setting du Northland
Allochtones et obduction
L’obduction est un phénomène particulier en géologie qui pourrait être définie comme l’inverse d’une subduction… Bon ça ne doit pas être aussi claire que cela, mais ne vous inquiétez pas on va en parler dans la suite! Pour allochtones, ce mot est l’opposé de l’autochtone, soit un élément provenant d’un autre lieu/territoire (“allo” signifiant étranger et “ochthones” signifiant terre).
Mouvement de la plaque Australo-Indienne et Pacifique
La base du Northland est composée de sédiments océaniques provenant du Crétacé (145-65 millions d’années), Éocène (56-23 millions d’années) )et Oligocène (23-6 millions d’années). A cette période, la Nouvelle-Zélande se situait à cette époque sous le niveau des océans. En effet, il existe sous l’océan un continent appelé Zealandia, plus grand que l’Inde ou le Groenland. La Nouvelle-Zélande ne représente qu’une infime partie de ce continent.
Continent Zealandia au fond de l’océan. Ce qu’on voit en vert jaune et rouge, c’est la Nouvelle-Zélande
Il y a 23 millions d’années, le Northland se situait dans les fonds marins. A cette période, la plaque Pacifique est rentrée en collision avec la plaque Australo-Indienne. Ce qui a entraîné une obduction de la plaque pacifique sur la plaque Australo-indienne.
L’obduction est l’inverse de la subduction. Soit au lieu qu’une plaque passe en dessous d’une autre plaque du à différences de densités. Les deux plaques ont la même densité ce qui entraîne une collision et une super-position d’une plaque sur l’autre avec frottement.
Obduction entre la plaque Pacifique (à droite) et la plaque Australo-Indienne (à gauche)
Les allochtones
La plaque chevauchant va apporter une discontinuité entre les âges des roches. En effet, une plaque est composée de plusieurs couches de roches appelées strates, qui vont de la plus jeune à la surface à la plus ancienne en profondeur. Lorsqu’une plaque va chevaucher une seconde, on va avoir un contacte entre la strate la plus ancienne de la plaque chevauchant avec la strate la plus jeune de la plaque chevauchée. On appelle les roches de cette plaque chevauchant, les allochtone.
Discontinuité des âges des sédiments. Oligocènes (le plus jeune) se trouve sous le Crétacé et l’Eocène ce qui forme une discontinuité.
La subduction
Cette obduction a lieu au fond de l’océan, la Nouvelle-Zélande il y a 23 million d’année (Micoène) n’est qu’un ensemble de petites îles. Suite à l’obduction, dont nous avons parlé la plaque Pacifique va rentrer en subduction sous la plaque Austrlo-Indienne. On a alors une obduction, puis à la suite une subduction. Ceci va entraîner le début d’une activité volcanique directement à la suite, soit vers 20-15 millions d’années. Le magma éruptée va se positionner sur la couche allochtone. Ceci va entraîner l’émergence de l’île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande!
Subduction de la plaque Pacifique, formant l’île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande, il y a 23 millions d’années
Je précise l’île du Nord car la formation de l’île du Sud est différente. Je vous l’expliquerais plus tard.
Dates à retenir
-> sédiments océaniques provenant du Crétacé (145-65 millions d’années), Éocène (56-23 millions d’années) )et Oligocène (23-6 millions d’années)
-> Éocène (23 millions d’années): Obduction de la plaque Pacifique sur la plaque Australo-Indienne
-> 20-15 millions d’années, subduction de la plaque pacifique sous la plaque Australo-Indienne avec éruption
-> 20-15 millions d’années, formation de l’île du Nord
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici !
Source
« The field guide to New Zealand Geology, An introduction to rocks, minerals and fossils »; Jocelyn Thrnton, Pinguin Books
« In search of ancient New-Zealand »; Hamish Campbell & Gerard Hutching; Pinguins books
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Ping : Le Fiordland, la beauté des montagnes – On a essaye de le perdre OnEssPer
Bravo, j’ai toutes les dates. Le kiwi n’a donc q’une dizaine de millions d’années d’évolution . Merci, ciao