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Comment voir une aurore polaire (Partie 2) - Alexandre SCHOHN
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Voici le second article concernant l’aurore polaire. Après avoir expliqué la formation des aurores dans l’espace (article ici ), nous allons nous concentrer sur comment observer ces aurores.
L’ensemble des photos des aurores de cet article proviennent d’un ami photographe, Maxime Sacré . Allez voir son site web pour de belles photos: http://www.maximesacre.com/
Où observer une aurore ?
Comme expliqué dans le premier article, les aurores polaires sont la réaction entre les vents solaires et le champ magnétique de la Terre. La réaction des photons, entraînant la lumière des aurores, se fait généralement aux deux extrémités (pôles) de la Terre vers les 65° -75° de latitude. Ainsi on peut facilement en voir en Islande, Norvège, Nouvelle-Zélande, etc. Attention, dans l’hémisphère Nord, on parle d’aurore boréale et dans l’hémisphère Sud, d’aurore australe.
Aurore australe au Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Photo: Maxime Sacré
Pour l’observation, l’automne et l’hiver sont les saisons plus propices pour l’observation avec de longues nuits pour avoir le temps de bien les observer.
Comment les observer ?
L’observation des aurores est un domaine digne du chercheur d’or ! En effet, il n’est pas aussi simple de voir des aurores même en étant dans les pays proches du cercle polaire. Pour cela il va falloir remplir certaines conditions.
→Il est nécessaire de ne pas avoir de pollution lumineuse. Il va donc falloir trouver un lieu idéal éloigné de la civilisation avec une vue assez large sur le ciel.
→Repérer le Nord (ou le Sud si vous êtes dans l’hémisphère Sud) pour savoir où seront les aurores
→Avoir le ciel dégagé ! Des nuages où autre ce n’est pas pratique pour les observer.
→ Avoir un appareil photo pour les capturer. Il est dés fois difficile de les voir à l’œil nu, il faudra donc les prendre en photo. Pour quel type de photos et les paramètres de l’appareil, je vous laisse lire cet article : https://www.je-papote.com/photographier-aurores-boreales.html
Comment les détecter ?
Pour détecter les aurores la meilleure solution est de passer par des sites spécialisés dans la prévision des aurores : https://www.aurora-maniacs.com/previsions-aurores.html
Vous avez aussi de nombreux applications pour vous prévenir des aurores en fonction du lieu où vous vous situez. Je ne peux que vous conseiller My Aurora Forescast qui vous permet en temps réel de savoir s’il y a une aurore.
Vision de l’application Aurora
Sur ces sites vous allez souvent voir la mesure Kp pour vous signifier la présence ou non des aurores. Mais qu’est-ce que c’est ?
Comprendre la valeur Kp
L’indice Kp est utilisé pour exprimer la magnitude des tempêtes géomagnétiques, soit les perturbations du champ magnétique autour de la Terre. Or on a vu précédemment que la perturbation du champ magnétique peut avoir comme origine les vents solaires à l’origine des aurores polaires. Via un algorithme, la valeur Kp permet donc de définir la probabilité d’avoir une aurore. Compris en 0 et 9, la valeur signifie que la perturbation est très faible alors que 9 signifie une forte activité magnétique. Si vous avez une magnitude de 6, vous avez de fortes chances de voir une aurore, même si vous êtes positionnés à une altitude moyenne. Pour un Kp=4, vous verrez des aurores, mais plus dans les hautes altitudes. En résumé, plus le Kp est élevé, plus la probabilité de voir des aurores dans des latitudes basses sera possible.
Voici un tableau permettant de visualiser l’activité des aurores en fonction de la valeur de Kp.
Tableau expliquant les valeurs de Kp pour observer une aurore
Pour information, la valeur G informe sur la sévérité de l’activité magnétique. Chaque valeur de G est associée à une valeur Kp, il est intéressant de s’en rappeler dû à son utilisation.
Attention à un petit détail!
L’indice Kp est mesuré à partir de 8 magnétomètres disposés à différents endroits dans le monde. Seulement 1 des 8 appareils est situé dans l’hémisphère sud, sachant que le Kp annoncé pour les prévisions est une moyenne des données issues de l’ensemble des magnétomètres. Donc, pas très fiable comme indice quand on est chez les kiwis.
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Ping : Les aurores polaires (Partie 1) - Alexandre SCHOHN OnEssPer