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Le désert de Gobi - Alexandre SCHOHN
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Le Gobi, le désert au centre de l’Asie
Le désert de Gobi est un large désert recouvrant la partie sud de la Mongolie ainsi que le Nord et Nord-Ouest de la Chine. Il se situe à une altitude de 900 à 1500m au-dessus de la mer et mesure plus de 16000km du Sud-Ouest au Nord-Est et 800km du Nord au Sud. Il est délimité au Nord par la chaîne de Montagne de l’Altaï et les steppes de Mongolie; à l’Ouest par le désert du Taklamakan; au Sud-Ouest par le plateau Sibérien; au Sud-Est par la plaine du Nord de la Chine. Il est considéré comme le 5ème désert le plus grand du monde et le premier d’Asie.
Le Gobi contient aussi de nombreux ressources minières d’or et de cuivre.
Désert Gobi au Sud de la Mongolie. Indication du sens des flux océaniques provenant de l’océan Indien
Le désert de Gobi est considéré comme un désert continental. Ce qui signifie qu’il a une variation de températures entre été et hiver très élevée. En effet, les hivers sont froids, voir très froids (-40°C), alors que les étés sont souvent très chauds (+50°C). La raison de cette variation climatique est qu’il se situe à l’abri d’une barrière montagneuse (la chaîne himalayenne) qui bloque les dépressions venues de l’océan Indien. Ainsi les masses d’air humide déversent leurs pluies sur le versant en contact directe avec le vent. L’autre versant étant à l’abri du vent, les masses d’eau n’y ont qu’un faible accès, empêchant l’arrivée de pluies. On appelle ce phénomène, l’ombre pluviométrique (shadow rain). La pluviométrie du Gobi est de 154mm de pluie par an.
Représentation de l’ombre pluviométrique (Rain Shadow)
Composition géologique
Le désert de Gobi est composé de sédiments provenant de l’érosion des roches volcaniques (granite, basalte, rhyolite) ainsi que de sédiments issu de l’océan. On peut observer facilement dans le désert de l’argile dans les flaming cliff et de nombreuses strates de calcaires déformées lors de l’orogène de l’Asie centrale (Central Asian Orogenic Belt CAOB), comme dans les gorges gelées. Les flaming cliff sont surtout connues via les nombreuses découvertes de fossiles et d’œufs de dinosaures.
Photo des flaming cliff. Ces falaises sont composées d’argiles. Elles contiennent un grand nombre de fossiles de dinosaures.
Photo des gorges gelées composées de calcaires. Les gorges sont issues d’une forte érosion des écoulements d’eau lors de la fonte des neiges.
Orogène de l’Asie centrale (Central Asian Orogenic Belt CAOB)
L’orogène de l’Asie centrale et la formation des montagnes telles que l’Oural, l’Altaï a eu lieu durant plus de 800 Ma, de la Mésoprotérozoïque (-1600Ma à – 1000Ma) au Trias (-252 Ma à -201Ma). Cette formation est due au rapprochement du supercontinent Gondwana avec le craton Sibéria et le craton Tarim-North China . Cela représente une zone immense (plus de 11% de l’Asie) d’orogènes, de collisions, rotations et de formations de micro-continents allant de l’Oural à l’océan Pacifique.
Central Asian Orogenic Belt, orogène de l’Oural à l’océan Pacifique.
En outre, il est aussi possible d’observer sur les falaises les différents niveaux océaniques aux fils des ans. En effet, avant la Mongolie, il existait de nombreux océans dont l’océan Téthys. Cet océan s’étant fermé lors de la CAOB, de nombreuses reliques sont visibles dans le désert de Gobi.
En mauve/rouge, les différents niveaux de l’océan durant les périodes géologiques
Lors des différentes périodes géologiques, les dépôts des sédiments marins se déposent au fond des océans. Ainsi, il est possible d’observer sur un affleurement les différentes strates de sédimentations. Ceci a un intérêt fort intéressant pour comprendre la géologie et le climat de l’époque. Si on a une grande épaisseur de sédiment durant une période, cela signifie qu’il y a eu une forte activé d’érosion.
Dépôts des sédiments de différentes périodes dans l’océan
Écologie
Le Gobi n’est pas un désert dans l’idée conventionnelle. Il n’est pas constitué seulement de sable mais de différents paysages. On y trouve de vastes plaines de steppe, de terre, de pierres ou de sable, d’imposantes chaînes de montagnes ou de petites dunes. Cette hétérogénéité des paysages donne au désert de Gobi une importante variété de couleurs. De plus, le désert contient de nombreux animaux sauvages, des gazelles, des léopards des neiges, des aigles, des vautours, etc… On y observe aussi de nombreux chevaux, chameaux sauvages et domestiqués.
On y trouve tout de même des dunes de sable
Désertification
La désertification par l’expansion du désert de Gobi est alarmant. L’activité humaine (déforestation, irrigation, surpâturage, etc…) est la cause de l’accélération de l’expansion du désert. Dans le Sud de la Chine, l’expansion du désert est de 3600km² par an. L’augmentation des tempêtes du désert ces 20 dernières années a entraîné de nombreux dommage économique à la Chine. Contre cette désertification l’état chinois a décidé de mettre en place un mur vert (Green wall of China) en plantant de nombreux arbres, espérant ainsi que la forêt puisse repousser la désertification.
Zone de recherche contre la désertification
Pour toutes les définitions: rendez-vous sur cette page.
Pour l’échelle des temps c’est ici !
Sources
« The Altaids of Central Asia : A tectonic and evolutionary innovative review » ; WHILEM C., WINDLEY B., STAMPFLI G., 2012
“Evolution of the Early Permian volcanic–plutonic complex in the western part of the Permian Gobi–Altay Rift (Khar Argalant Mts., SW Mongolia)”; David BURIÁNEK1*, Pavel HANŽL, Petr BUDIL, Axel GERDES, 2012
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