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Centre de la Mongolie, la vallée d'Orkhon - Alexandre SCHOHN
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Centre de la Mongolie, vallée d’Orkhon
Le centre de la Mongolie est une zone montagneuse témoin de l’orogène du centre de l’Asie (Central Asian Orogenic Belt, CAOB). La vallée d’Orkhon est à 320km d’Oulan-Bator dans une zone volcanique et voit s’écouler la rivière Selenga. On y trouve de nombreuses roches volcaniques ainsi que des sources thermales. Classée par l’UNESCO, le centre de la Mongolie a été le témoin de nombreux événements de l’empire mongole. En effet, elle a accueilli la capitale de l’empire mongole, Karakorum, durant le règne de Gengis Khan et conserve de nombreux vestiges archéologiques. La région est aussi connue pour sa richesse minière.
Source chaude dans la vallée d’Orkhon
Geologic setting
Central Asian Orogenic Belt CAOB
L’orogène de l’Asie centrale et la formation des montagnes telles que l’Oural, l’Altaï a eu lieu durant la période du Mésoprotérozoïque (-1600Ma à – 1000Ma) au Trias (-252 Ma à -201 Ma). Cette formation représente une zone géante et emblématique d’une longue évolution d’une orogène ayant durée entre plus de 800Ma.
Central Asian Orogenic Belt, orogène de l’Oural à l’océan Pacifique.
La CAOB est due au rapprochement du supercontinent Gondwana avec le Laurusia et plus précisément avec le craton Sibéria et le craton Tarim-North China . Cela représente une zone immense d’orogènes, de collisions, rotations et de formations de micro-continents allant de l’Oural à l’océan Pacifique.
Rapprochement du Gondwana avec le Laurasia lors du CAOB
Composition géologique des roches
Le centre est composé majoritaire de roches magmatiques tels que le basalte et le granite.
Granite provenant du refroidissement du magma. Il est composé de quartz, feldspaths potassiques (orthoses) et plagioclases, micas (biotite ou muscovite)
Basalte provenant d’un magma à la surface. Il est composé de plagioclases (50 %), de pyroxènes (25 à 40 %), d’olivine (10 à 25 %), et de 2 à 3 % de magnétite
Ces roches sont issues deux types d’activités volcaniques ayant permis la formation de la Mongolie.
Evolution magmatique
En effet un magma peut évoluer de différentes manières en fonction de sa zone géographique de création. Que cela soit dans une dorsale, une subduction ou un point chaud, le magma aura une composition chimique différente. C’est via cette composition chimique en alcalin (potassium K et sodium Na ) et en silice (SiO2) que l’on va pouvoir identifier le lieu de formation du magma. Ainsi, concernant le centre de la Mongolie, nous avons :
La première activité magmatique a eu lieu au début du Paléozoïque(542 Ma à 480 Ma) ayant formé du magma calco-alcalin. Son rapport (KO2+NaO2)/SiO2 est faible et sa concentration en NaO2 est supérieur à KO2. Ce magma est issu de la subduction d’une plaque sous une autre plaque créant ainsi une activité magmatique et formant une chaîne de montagnes (Rocheuses, Andes, etc…).
Formation du magma calco-alcalin dans une subduction
La seconde est du magma alcalin ayant été formé fin du Carbonifère (~300 Ma) début Mésozoïque (251 Ma). Son rapport (KO2+NaO2)/SiO2 est élevé, ce qui veut dire que sa concentration en KO2+NaO2 est plus grande que sa concentration en SiO2. Celui-ci provient d’un point chaud au sein d’une plaque tel que l’ île de la Réunion ou l’île Maurice.
Formation d’un magma alcalin sur un point chaud
La vallée d’Orkhon possède de nombreux reliefs magmatiques soulignant l’intense activité lors de sa formation. La cascade d’Ulaan Tsutgalan, au sein de la vallée d’Orkhon, mesure plus de 20 mètres de hauteur et possède un très bon exemple d’orgues volcaniques.
Orgues volcaniques
Les orgues volcaniques sont une formation volcanique composés de colonnes régulières hexagonales. Ils sont les reliques de la libération de gaz lors d’une coulée magmatique . Durant son refroidissement, de l’énergie va se libérer par le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide. Ce chemin est perpendiculaire au sens de la coulée et prend la forme d’hexagone. Pourquoi d’hexagone ? Car c’est la forme géométrique qui exprime le mieux une libération rapide et pour peu d’énergie de chaleur lors du refroidissement. Dans ce contexte on obtient des orgues comme la chaussée des géants en Irlande du Nord.
Orgues volcaniques. L’évacuation de l’énergie (bleu) se fait perpendiculairement au sens d’écoulement (rouge).
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Source
« Holocene geomorphological processes and soil development as indicator for environmental change around Karakorum, Upper Orkhon Valley (Central Mongolia) », Frank Lehmkuhl, Alexandra Hilgers ; 2011.
« Foreword to the special volume ‘Magmatic evolution of Mongolian part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and its geodynamic significance » ;Karel Schulmann1,2*, Ochir Gerel3, Wen Jiao Xiao ; 2016
« The Altaids of Central Asia : A tectonic and evolutionary innovative review » ; WHILEM C., WINDLEY B., STAMPFLI G., 2012
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